Maurice Bishop: Prime Minister, Grenada. one of many Black men murdered by the united states government

 The Construction of Black History from    the United States' Foreign Policy

   This is a partial reprint from the Final Call Newspaper titled: 

  'The Time and What Must Be Done' 2013 Lecture Series, Part 13, by Minister Louis Farrakhan




               

  

The Serpent whose tail has spread throughout the ends of the Earth


What follows is a partial list of the United States’ covert actions abroad to impose, or restore, “favorable political conditions” during the time period of 1946-1983, categorized by “region of the world.” This list was prepared by Tom Gervasi of the Center for Military Research and Analysis in 1984, and was compiled using information available in the public domain. This does not represent “all” of the United States’ government’s covert operations—just a small number of them.  And as you read this list, ask yourself:  “Is this ‘meddling’”?  “Is this interfering in the internal affairs of others?”




Europe


1.      Greece, in 1946:  Now, Greece, as you know, is in Europe.  The Americans wanted to restore the monarch after the overthrow of the Metaxas government.  And through the efforts of our government—our “CIA,” or those “clandestine organizations” of the country—the monarch was restored.



2.      West Germany, from 1946-1955:  An average of $6 million annually was sent to support the former Nazi intelligence network of General Reinhard Gehlen.  And this was considered “Successful.”



3.      Italy, from 1948-1968:  An average of $30 million annually in payments to political and labor leaders to support anti-Communist candidates in Italian elections.  And that was considered “Successful.”



4.      Greece, in 1949:  Military assistance to anti-Communist forces in the Greek civil war. And from America’s vantage point, it was “Successful.”



5.      The Ukraine, from 1949-1953:  To organize and support a Ukrainian resistance movement, which was “Unsuccessful.”



6.      Poland, from 1950-1952:  Financial and military assistance for the Polish Freedom and Independence Movement. “Unsuccessful.” 



7.      Albania, in 1950:  The overthrow government of Enver Hoxha. “Unsuccessful.”



8.      West Germany, in 1954:  America arranged the abduction and dis[accreditation] of West German intelligence chief Otto John, and replaced him with Reinhard Gehlen. And that was “Successful.”



9.      Hungary, in 1956:  Financial and military assistance to organize and support a Hungarian resistance movement, and broad propaganda campaign to encourage it.  It was “Unsuccessful.”



10.    Greece, in 1967:  The overthrow of the government of George Papandreou and the install[ation] [of] [a] military government of Colonel George Papadopolous after abdication of King Constantine.  “Successful.”


11.      Portugal, in 1975:  The overthrow of the government of General Vasco dos Santos Goncalves.  “Successful.”



12.      Australia, in 1975:  Propaganda and political pressure to force dissolution of a labor government of Gough Whitlam.  It was “Successful.”




Asia/Southeast Asia


13.      Burma, from 1949-1961:  Support of 12,000 Nationalist China troops in Burma under General Li Mi as an incursion force into People’s Republic of China.  Meddling in the internal affairs of others—but this was considered “Unsuccessful.”



14.      China, from 1951-1954:  Guerilla teams air dropped into the People’s Republic of China. “Unsuccessful.”



15.      The Philippines, in 1953:  Assassination and propaganda campaign to overcome The Huk resistance and install government of Ramon Magsaysay. It was “Successful.”



16.      South Vietnam, in 1954:  America installed the government of Ngo Dinh Diem. It was “Successful.”



17.      China, in 1955:  They were trying to assassinate Zhou Enlai en route to the Bandung Conference in 1955.  And that was “Unsuccessful.”



18.      Indonesia, in 1958:  Financial and military assistance, including B-26 bombers, for rebel forces attempting to overthrow the Sukarno government.  But it was “Unsuccessful”—but it didn’t stop them from continuing to try!



19.      Tibet, from 1958-1961:  Infiltrate Tibetan guerrillas trained in the United States to fight Chinese Communists. “Unsuccessful.”



20.      Cambodia, in 1959:  Our government [attempted to] assassinate Prince Norodum Shianouk.  It was “Unsuccessful”—but they attempted his assassination!



21.      Laos, in 1960:  Military assistance, including 400 United States Special Forces troops, to deny the Plain of Jars Mekong Basin to Pathet Lao. “Inconclusive.”



22.      Laos, from 1961-1965:  An average of $300 million was spent annually to recruit and maintain L’Armee Clandestine of 35,000 Hmong and Meo tribesmen and 17,000 Thai mercenaries in support of the government of Phoumi Nosavan to resist the Pathet Lao. “Successful.”



23.      Thailand, in 1962:  A brigade of 5,000 United States Marines to resist the threat to Thai government from the Pathet Lao.  “Successful.”



24.      South Vietnam, in 1963:  Precipitate conditions leading to the assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem.  “Successful.”



25.      South Vietnam, from 1964-1967:  An operation that was infiltrated by Viet Cong and only partially [successful] was the Phoenix Program to eliminate Viet Cong political infrastructure through more than 20,000 assassinations …



26.      North Vietnam, from 1964-1971:  Sabotage and ambush missions under Operations Plan 34A by United States Special Forces and Nung tribesmen.  It was “Inconclusive.”



27.      Laos, from 1965-1971:  Under Operations Shining Brass and Prairie Fire, sabotage and ambush missions by United States Special Forces personnel and Nung and Meo tribesmen under General Bang Pao.  “Inconclusive.”



28.      Thailand, in 1965:  They recruited 17,000 mercenaries to support the Laotian government of Phoumi Nosavan resisting the Pathet Lao.  “Successful.”



29.      Indonesia, in 1965:  Organized a campaign of propaganda to overthrow the Sukarno government, and precipitate conditions leading to massacre of more than 500,000 members of the Indonesian Communist Party, in order to eliminate opposition to a new Suharto government imposed on Indonesia by the United States of America “Successful.”



30.      Cambodia, from 1967-1971:  Under Projects Daniel Boone and Salem House, sabotage and ambush missions by the United States Special Forces personnel [and Meo tribesmen].  “Inconclusive.”



31.      Cambodia, from 1969-1970:  A bombing campaign to crush Viet Cong sanctuaries in Cambodia.  “Unsuccessful”; unknown by the American people.



32.      Cambodia, in 1970:  Overthrow of the government of Prince Norodom Sihanouk.  “Successful.”